Almost NO ONE knows, but the original Moderna covid mRNA vaccine had over 3x the mRNA (per shot/dose) as the Pfizer vaccine (30 vs. 100 micrograms). The mRNA in both shots was essentially identical, but the Moderna shots had over triple the mRNA dose.
For example, the original Moderna COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA-1273) used 100 micrograms of mRNA, whereas Pfizer/BioNTech’s COMIRNATY vaccine (BNT162b2) used 30 micrograms per dose. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-025-01145-6
So now Moderna has approval for a lower dose vaccine. Ok.
One of the key issues when developing the vaccines was dosage, so they permitted both doses. The Moderna vaccines tended to produce more side effects, but these side effects were the same for both vaccines....and similar to some of the virus' side effects. There is no side effect from mRNA vaccines that has not been also attributed, in greater numbers, to the virus itself. The vaccine is a part of the virus, it will carry some of the side effects as well. Moderna vaccines provided slightly more protection initially, over Pfizer as well.